因果鉴定是因果推理文献的核心，在该文献中提出了完整的算法来识别感兴趣的因果问题。这些算法的有效性取决于访问正确指定的因果结构的限制性假设。在这项工作中，我们研究了可获得因果结构概率模型的环境。具体而言，因果图中的边缘是分配的概率，例如，可能代表来自领域专家的信念程度。另外，关于边缘的不确定的可能反映了特定统计检验的置信度。在这种情况下自然出现的问题是：给定这样的概率图和感兴趣的特定因果效应，哪些具有最高合理性的子图是什么？我们表明回答这个问题减少了解决NP-HARD组合优化问题，我们称之为边缘ID问题。我们提出有效的算法来近似此问题，并评估我们针对现实世界网络和随机生成图的算法。

Pearl's Do Colculus是一种完整的公理方法，可以从观察数据中学习可识别的因果效应。如果无法识别这种效果，则有必要在系统中执行经常昂贵的干预措施以学习因果效应。在这项工作中，我们考虑了设计干预措施以最低成本来确定所需效果的问题。首先，我们证明了这个问题是NP-HARD，随后提出了一种可以找到最佳解或对数因子近似值的算法。这是通过在我们的问题和最小击球设置问题之间建立联系来完成的。此外，我们提出了几种多项式启发式算法来解决问题的计算复杂性。尽管这些算法可能会偶然发现亚最佳解决方案，但我们的模拟表明它们在随机图上产生了小的遗憾。

通常使用参数模型进行经验领域的参数估计，并且此类模型很容易促进统计推断。不幸的是，它们不太可能足够灵活，无法充分建模现实现象，并可能产生偏见的估计。相反，非参数方法是灵活的，但不容易促进统计推断，并且仍然可能表现出残留的偏见。我们探索了影响功能（IFS）的潜力（a）改善初始估计器而无需更多数据（b）增加模型的鲁棒性和（c）促进统计推断。我们首先对IFS进行广泛的介绍，并提出了一种神经网络方法“ Multinet”，该方法使用单个体系结构寻求合奏的多样性。我们还介绍了我们称为“ Multistep”的IF更新步骤的变体，并对不同方法提供了全面的评估。发现这些改进是依赖数据集的，这表明所使用的方法与数据生成过程的性质之间存在相互作用。我们的实验强调了从业人员需要通过不同的估计器组合进行多次分析来检查其发现的一致性。我们还表明，可以改善“自由”的现有神经网络，而无需更多数据，而无需重新训练。

我们研究在有关系统的结构侧信息时学习一组变量的贝叶斯网络（BN）的问题。众所周知，学习一般BN的结构在计算上和统计上具有挑战性。然而，通常在许多应用中，关于底层结构的侧面信息可能会降低学习复杂性。在本文中，我们开发了一种基于递归约束的算法，其有效地将这些知识（即侧信息）纳入学习过程。特别地，我们研究了关于底层BN的两种类型的结构侧信息：（i）其集团数的上限是已知的，或者（ii）它是无菱形的。我们为学习算法提供理论保证，包括每个场景所需的最坏情况的测试数量。由于我们的工作，我们表明可以通过多项式复杂性学习有界树木宽度BNS。此外，我们评估了综合性和现实世界结构的算法的性能和可扩展性，并表明它们优于最先进的结构学习算法。

With Twitter's growth and popularity, a huge number of views are shared by users on various topics, making this platform a valuable information source on various political, social, and economic issues. This paper investigates English tweets on the Russia-Ukraine war to analyze trends reflecting users' opinions and sentiments regarding the conflict. The tweets' positive and negative sentiments are analyzed using a BERT-based model, and the time series associated with the frequency of positive and negative tweets for various countries is calculated. Then, we propose a method based on the neighborhood average for modeling and clustering the time series of countries. The clustering results provide valuable insight into public opinion regarding this conflict. Among other things, we can mention the similar thoughts of users from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and most Western European countries versus the shared views of Eastern European, Scandinavian, Asian, and South American nations toward the conflict.

Vision transformers have emerged as powerful tools for many computer vision tasks. It has been shown that their features and class tokens can be used for salient object segmentation. However, the properties of segmentation transformers remain largely unstudied. In this work we conduct an in-depth study of the spatial attentions of different backbone layers of semantic segmentation transformers and uncover interesting properties. The spatial attentions of a patch intersecting with an object tend to concentrate within the object, whereas the attentions of larger, more uniform image areas rather follow a diffusive behavior. In other words, vision transformers trained to segment a fixed set of object classes generalize to objects well beyond this set. We exploit this by extracting heatmaps that can be used to segment unknown objects within diverse backgrounds, such as obstacles in traffic scenes. Our method is training-free and its computational overhead negligible. We use off-the-shelf transformers trained for street-scene segmentation to process other scene types.

In this research, we are about to present an agentbased model of human muscle which can be used in analysis of human movement. As the model is designed based on the physiological structure of the muscle, The simulation calculations would be natural, and also, It can be possible to analyze human movement using reverse engineering methods. The model is also a suitable choice to be used in modern prostheses, because the calculation of the model is less than other machine learning models such as artificial neural network algorithms and It makes our algorithm battery-friendly. We will also devise a method that can calculate the intensity of human muscle during gait cycle using a reverse engineering solution. The algorithm called Boots is different from some optimization methods, so It would be able to compute the activities of both agonist and antagonist muscles in a joint. As a consequence, By having an agent-based model of human muscle and Boots algorithm, We would be capable to develop software that can calculate the nervous stimulation of human's lower body muscle based on the angular displacement during gait cycle without using painful methods like electromyography. By developing the application as open-source software, We are hopeful to help researchers and physicians who are studying in medical and biomechanical fields.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

We study critical systems that allocate scarce resources to satisfy basic needs, such as homeless services that provide housing. These systems often support communities disproportionately affected by systemic racial, gender, or other injustices, so it is crucial to design these systems with fairness considerations in mind. To address this problem, we propose a framework for evaluating fairness in contextual resource allocation systems that is inspired by fairness metrics in machine learning. This framework can be applied to evaluate the fairness properties of a historical policy, as well as to impose constraints in the design of new (counterfactual) allocation policies. Our work culminates with a set of incompatibility results that investigate the interplay between the different fairness metrics we propose. Notably, we demonstrate that: 1) fairness in allocation and fairness in outcomes are usually incompatible; 2) policies that prioritize based on a vulnerability score will usually result in unequal outcomes across groups, even if the score is perfectly calibrated; 3) policies using contextual information beyond what is needed to characterize baseline risk and treatment effects can be fairer in their outcomes than those using just baseline risk and treatment effects; and 4) policies using group status in addition to baseline risk and treatment effects are as fair as possible given all available information. Our framework can help guide the discussion among stakeholders in deciding which fairness metrics to impose when allocating scarce resources.

Different types of mental rotation tests have been used extensively in psychology to understand human visual reasoning and perception. Understanding what an object or visual scene would look like from another viewpoint is a challenging problem that is made even harder if it must be performed from a single image. We explore a controlled setting whereby questions are posed about the properties of a scene if that scene was observed from another viewpoint. To do this we have created a new version of the CLEVR dataset that we call CLEVR Mental Rotation Tests (CLEVR-MRT). Using CLEVR-MRT we examine standard methods, show how they fall short, then explore novel neural architectures that involve inferring volumetric representations of a scene. These volumes can be manipulated via camera-conditioned transformations to answer the question. We examine the efficacy of different model variants through rigorous ablations and demonstrate the efficacy of volumetric representations.